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Cotton is a natural vegetable fibre of great economic importance as a raw material for the manufacture of textiles and clothing.

The generalization of its use is due to the ease with which the fiber can braid in threads. Resistance, the absorbency and the ease with which washed and dyed also contribute to that cotton should be given to the development of varied textiles.

Cotton species

Are a series of trees and small shrubs of a genus in the family Malvaceae, to which also belong the Hibiscus plants. The Cocoon is transformed to develop into an oval ball which, when mature, opens and discovers large numbers of seeds of brown or black covered in a mass of white hairs. When they ripen completely dries, each of these hairs is a cell, flattened, with a sharp twisting spiral and coupled with a seed. The length of the individual fibers varies between 1,3 and 6 cm. Seeds are born in addition other shorter fibers.

Cultivation.

Cotton requires a growing season long with abundant Sun and water, and dry weather during the harvest. In general, these conditions occur in tropical and subtropical latitudes of the northern and southern hemispheres. The cultivation of the cotton tends to be annual; the first task is the court mechanic of the aerial part of plants; below these plant remains are buried and let it rest soil to tillage. The planting season is very short and behind her, plantations must be subjected to intensive care, that these plants are very sensitive to attack by weeds and parasites.

Transformation

When the cotton reaches the plant gin, is loaded into the building through ducts placed on trucks and trailers. In many cases, first passing through a dryer which reduces the moisture content to facilitate the following operations. Then happens to machines that separate the cotton whole strange matter: dirt, leaves, etc. Clean cotton enters the factories, separating the fiber from the seeds. Finally, the fibers are packaged in bullets, then comes the process basically involves the opening, mixing, carded (in some cases also combed), stretched and twisted to produce material of the looms. The actual spinning then takes place. This may be manual with the spindle and the wheel, or with a lathe spinning. However commercial used the mechanical spinning. In all cases what pursues is to be grouped together and crooked continuous filaments to form strings of several strands. Fabric for weaving is used the loom and two sets of threads, respectively called warp (or foot) and plot. The threads of the warp are going across the loom, while the plot going in transverse direction. The plot is supplied by the sides of the loom from a few coils that change automatically or manually when the thread ends. Shuttle loom pretends the threads of the plot through the loom, weaving them perpendicularly with the warp. Modifying the number of warp threads and altering the sequence with which are raised or are downloaded are different designs and textures. During the fabric, a provisional protective layer known as priming protects the warp threads to avoid damage.

Dyeing and stamping.

Stained cotton can be in different ways: fabrics can be colored once woven (dye in the piece), can dye fibres loose in a dye rough and, finally, can dye is the thread or filament before knitting it (dye in the thread).The primary method for printing designs on cotton is rotogravure through rollers; in this process the drawing is recorded in rolls of copper (a roller for each color) and fill the depressions of the rollers with embossing paste; the cloth is then passed roller.

Other finishing process

In addition of the dyeing and printing processes, the fabric receives other finishes to improve its appearance and qualities, such as for example treatments to improve resistance to wrinkles in textiles such as cotton has no elasticity of wool or silk. Recent advances in the wrinkle-resistant finishes are ironing lasting or ironing permanent; In addition to achieve resistance to wrinkles, these finishes provide permanent creases. It is also possible to improve the resistance to the shrunken, stains and dirt through various chemical treatments. Other finishing processes protect against damage caused by mildew, moths, or fire or slipping of the threads.

Production

There are fluctuations in the production of cotton, even within the same country, are important. The causes of these variations tend to be due to environmental conditions, such as the existence of parasites or rainfall, and economic conditions, as the costs of production and competition from synthetic fibres. Despite this, cotton remains a very important raw materials for the textile industry.